This Week In Securities Litigation (March 28, 2008 edition): The Subprime Crisis, More FCPA Cases and Procedural Walls at Investment Banks, A New Study
This week, turmoil continued in the credit markets as the New Century Trustee released a comprehensive report on lending activities at the giant subprime lender, disclosing shoddy lending and accounting practices. At the same time, the SEC and DOJ continued their renewed focus on FCPA enforcement. Finally, a new academic study concluding that procedural walls used at investment banks are porous may raise new concerns on Wall Street and with regulators.
New Century Report
New Century may not be the cause of all the instability in the financial markets, but following a report prepared at the request of its Trustee, the company will no doubt become the poster child for the subprime crisis.
The 581-page report details how the subprime lender significantly expanded its loan portfolio while suggesting possible causes of actions against its outside auditor, KPMG and perhaps others. The report provides a detailed analysis of the lending practices employed by the company, demonstrating how it expanded its loan originations from about $14 billion in 2002 to $60 billion in 2006. According to the report, this dramatic increase followed in the wake of increasingly risky lending practices and exceptions to company underwriting guidelines. These practices permitted the company to extend loans to those who could only afford the low, introductory “teaser rates,” but little beyond that. This created a situation which predictably unraveled.
The report goes on to detail seven improper accounting practices implemented by New Century. Under one practice the company understated its repurchase reserve, that is the funds set aside to repurchase bad loans. This reserve was understated by at least $104.8 million in the third quarter of 2006, for example. This permitted the company to report a profit of $63.5 million, when it actually had a loss. This and other improper accounting practices resulted in inflated bonuses to executives and false regulatory filings. According to the report, KPMG was involved in these improper accounting practices.
The report is on file in the bankruptcy proceeding, In re New Century TRS Holdings, Inc., 07-10416 (U.S. Bank. D. Del.). A good summary is available here at The D&O Diary, March 27, 2008, by Kevin LaCroix.
FCPA
The increased emphasis on FCPA enforcement continued this week with three new matters. As briefly mentioned last week, the SEC filed a settled books, records and internal controls case against AB Volvo, based on claimed improper payments under the U.N. Oil for Food Program. This case is one in a series of similar cases involving both the oil and humanitarian sides of the program that have been brought by the SEC and DOJ. SEC v. AB Volvo, Civil Action No. 08CV 00473 (D.D.C. Filed March 20, 2008). The SEC’s Litigation Release is here.
In its complaint against AB Volvo, the Commission alleged that from 1999 to 2003 two subsidiaries and their agents and distributors made approximately $6,206,331 in kickback payments and authorized additional payments of $2,388,419 in connection with their sales of humanitarian goods. The payments were booked as “after-sales service fees.” No bona fide services were performed, according to the complaint.
The case was settled with a statutory injunction prohibiting future violations of the FCPA books, records and internal controls provisions. In addition, the company agreed to disgorge over $7.2 million in profits plus over $1.3 million in pre-judgment interest and to pay a civil penalty of $4 million. As part of a deferred prosecution agreement with DOJ, the company also agreed to pay a $7 million penalty.
DOJ also moved to intervene in a private action brought by Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C. against Alcoa, Inc. and others which is based on FCPA claims. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the defendants bribed unidentified Bahraini government officials and overcharged for alumina, an ingredient used to make aluminum, for a period of 15 years. DOJ has been conducting a criminal investigation based on similar conduct. Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C. v. Alcoa, Inc., Civil Action No. 2:08-cv-00299-DWA (W.D. Pa. Filed Feb. 27, 2008). DOJ is, reportedly, focusing on companies and executives in industries ranging from oil and gas services to defense. DOJ has approximately 80 pending FCPA bribery investigations open. The New York Times discusses the matter here (membership required).
One of the open bribery investigations concerns Royal Dutch Shell Plc’s U.S. unit. The focus of the investigation is the use of Swiss freight-forwarding firm Panalpina. The SEC is also investigating this matter. The company announced that it has commenced an internal investigation and is cooperating with both the SEC and DOJ.
Walls at Investment Banks
A new study being published in the Journal of Law, Economics and Policy analyzed insider trading around times when investment bankers appoint their representatives to boards of directors. The forthcoming study concludes that the walls are porous. This finding has important implications for investment banks as well as other regulated entities. Previous academic studies became the predicate for the option backdating scandals and Rule 10b5-1 trading plan inquiries.